Effects of high-intensity interval training on vascular function in patients with cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Exercise training improves endothelial function in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the influence of training variables remains unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), compared to moderate intensity training (MIT) and other exercise modalities (i.e., resistance and combined exercise), on endothelial function, assessed by arterial flow-mediated dilation (FMD) or endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), in patients with CVD. Secondly, we investigated the influence of other training variables (i.e., HIIT protocol). Methods: The PICOS strategy was used to identify randomised and non-randomised studies comparing the effect of HIIT and other exercise modalities (e.g., MIT) on endothelial function in patients with CVD. Electronic searches were carried out in Pubmed, Embase, and Web of Science up to November 2022. The TESTEX scale was used to evaluate the methodological quality of the included studies. Random-effects models of between-group mean difference (MD) were estimated. A positive MD indicated an effect in favour of HIIT. Heterogeneity analyses were performed by the chi-square test and I 2 index. Subgroup analyses evaluated the influence of potential moderator variables. Results: Fourteen studies (13; 92.9% randomised) were included. Most of the studies trained 3 days a week for 12 weeks and performed long HIIT. No statistically significant differences were found between HIIT and MIT for improving brachial FMD in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) (8 studies; MD+ = 0.91% [95% confidence interval (CI) = -0.06, 1.88]). However, subgroup analyses showed that long HIIT (i.e., > 1 min) is better than MIT for enhancing FMD (5 studies; MD+ = 1.46% [95% CI = 0.35, 2.57]), while no differences were found between short HIIT (i.e., ≤ 1 min) and MIT (3 studies; MD+ = -0.41% [95% CI = -1.64, 0.82]). Insufficient data prevented pooled analysis for EPCs, and individual studies failed to find statistically significant differences (p > .050) between HIIT and other exercise modalities in increasing EPCs. Discussion: Poor methodological quality could limit the precision of the current results and increase the inconsistency. Long HIIT is superior to MIT for improving FMD in patients with CAD or HFrEF. Future studies comparing HIIT to other exercise modalities, as well as the effect on EPCs and in HF with preserved ejection fraction are required. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/#myprospero, identifier CRD42022358156.

Late gadolinium enhancement distribution patterns in non-ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy: genotype-phenotype correlation.

AIMS: Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) is frequently found in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM); there is little information about its frequency and distribution pattern according to the underlying genetic substrate. We sought to describe LGE patterns according to genotypes and to analyse the risk of major ventricular arrhythmias (MVA) according to patterns. METHODS AND RESULTS: Cardiac magnetic resonance findings and LGE distribution according to genetics were performed in a cohort of 600 DCM patients followed at 20 Spanish centres. After exclusion of individuals with multiple causative gene variants or with variants in infrequent DCM-causing genes, 577 patients (34% females, mean age 53.5 years, left ventricular ejection fraction 36.9 ± 13.9%) conformed to the final cohort. A causative genetic variant was identified in 219 (38%) patients, and 147 (25.5%) had LGE. Significant differences were found comparing LGE patterns between genes (P < 0.001). LGE was absent or rare in patients with variants in TNNT2, RBM20, and MYH7 (0, 5, and 20%, respectively). Patients with variants in DMD, DSP, and FLNC showed a predominance of LGE subepicardial patterns (50, 41, and 18%, respectively), whereas patients with variants in TTN, BAG3, LMNA, and MYBPC3 showed unspecific LGE patterns. The genetic yield differed according to LGE patterns. Patients with subepicardial, lineal midwall, transmural, and right ventricular insertion points or with combinations of LGE patterns showed an increased risk of MVA compared with patients without LGE. CONCLUSION: LGE patterns in DCM have a specific distribution according to the affected gene. Certain LGE patterns are associated with an increased risk of MVA and with an increased yield of genetic testing.

Clinical Risk Score to Predict Pathogenic Genotypes in Patients With Dilated Cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND: Although genotyping allows family screening and influences risk-stratification in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) or isolated left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD), its result is negative in a significant number of patients, limiting its widespread adoption. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to develop and externally validate a score that predicts the probability for a positive genetic test result (G+) in DCM/LVSD. METHODS: Clinical, electrocardiogram, and echocardiographic variables were collected in 1,015 genotyped patients from Spain with DCM/LVSD. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify variables independently predicting G+, which were summed to create the Madrid Genotype Score. The external validation sample comprised 1,097 genotyped patients from the Maastricht and Trieste registries. RESULTS: A G+ result was found in 377 (37%) and 289 (26%) patients from the derivation and validation cohorts, respectively. Independent predictors of a G+ result in the derivation cohort were: family history of DCM (OR: 2.29; 95% CI: 1.73-3.04; P < 0.001), low electrocardiogram voltage in peripheral leads (OR: 3.61; 95% CI: 2.38-5.49; P < 0.001), skeletal myopathy (OR: 3.42; 95% CI: 1.60-7.31; P = 0.001), absence of hypertension (OR: 2.28; 95% CI: 1.67-3.13; P < 0.001), and absence of left bundle branch block (OR: 3.58; 95% CI: 2.57-5.01; P < 0.001). A score containing these factors predicted a G+ result, ranging from 3% when all predictors were absent to 79% when ≥4 predictors were present. Internal validation provided a C-statistic of 0.74 (95% CI: 0.71-0.77) and a calibration slope of 0.94 (95% CI: 0.80-1.10). The C-statistic in the external validation cohort was 0.74 (95% CI: 0.71-0.78). CONCLUSIONS: The Madrid Genotype Score is an accurate tool to predict a G+ result in DCM/LVSD.

Immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy with anti-signal recognition particle antibodies, in a patient with melanoma treated with BRAF/MEK inhibitors.

The effect of serine/threonine-protein kinase B-Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase (BRAF/MEK) inhibitors on the immune system is not clearly described, but rare cases of autoimmune phenomena have been reported. The clinical case we present below is the first report of a necrotizing myopathy related to dabrafenib/trametinib treatment. A 48-year-old man started dabrafenib/trametinib for stage IV BRAF-V600E mutated cutaneous melanoma. After the first month, he presented with grade 3 pyrexia (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events [CTCAE] v.5.0.) and increased creatinine-kinase levels. A diagnosis of immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy, antisignal recognition particle (anit-SRP) positive, was made. At disease progression, dabrafenib/trametinib was restarted, triggering a new episode of grade 2 pyrexia and myositis. Treatment was changed to encorafenib/binimetinib without repeating pyrexia or limiting creatinine-kinase elevation, presenting even a loss of anti-SRP antibodies. Given the temporal relationship, the fact that re-exposition induced a new worsening of the myopathy and the loss of the anti-SRP antibodies after changing treatment, we infer that there possibly is a clear relationship between dabrafenib/trametinib treatment and the myopathy.

Combination of late gadolinium enhancement and genotype improves prediction of prognosis in non-ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy.

AIMS: Genotype and left ventricular scar on cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) are increasingly recognized as risk markers for adverse outcomes in non-ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). We investigated the combined influence of genotype and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) in assessing prognosis in a large cohort of patients with DCM. METHODS AND RESULTS: Outcomes of 600 patients with DCM (53.3 ± 14.1 years, 66% male) who underwent clinical CMR and genetic testing were retrospectively analysed. The primary endpoints were end-stage heart failure (ESHF) and malignant ventricular arrhythmias (MVA). During a median follow-up of 2.7 years (interquartile range 1.3-4.9), 24 (4.00%) and 48 (8.00%) patients had ESHF and MVA, respectively. In total, 242 (40.3%) patients had pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants (positive genotype) and 151 (25.2%) had LGE. In survival analysis, positive LGE was associated with MVA and ESHF (both, p < 0.001) while positive genotype was associated with ESHF (p = 0.034) but not with MVA (p = 0.102). Classification of patients according to genotype (G+/G-) and LGE presence (L+/L-) revealed progressively increasing events across L-/G-, L-/G+, L+/G- and L+/G+ groups and resulted in optimized MVA and ESHF prediction (p < 0.001 and p = 0.001, respectively). Hazard ratios for MVA and ESHF in patients with either L+ or G+ compared with those with L-/G- were 4.71 (95% confidence interval: 2.11-10.50, p < 0.001) and 7.92 (95% confidence interval: 1.86-33.78, p < 0.001), respectively. CONCLUSION: Classification of patients with DCM according to genotype and LGE improves MVA and ESHF prediction. Scar assessment with CMR and genotyping should be considered to select patients for primary prevention implantable cardioverter-defibrillator placement.

The parkinsonian LRRK2 R1441G mutation shows macroautophagy-mitophagy dysregulation concomitant with endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Autophagy is a mechanism responsible for the degradation of cellular components to maintain their homeostasis. However, autophagy is commonly altered and compromised in several diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders. Parkinson's disease (PD) can be considered a multifactorial disease because environmental factors, genetic factors, and aging are involved. Several genes are involved in PD pathology, among which the LRRK2 gene and its mutations, inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, are responsible for most genetic PD cases. The R1441G LRRK2 mutation is, after G2019S, the most important in PD pathogenesis. Our results demonstrate a relationship between the R1441G LRRK2 mutation and a mechanistic dysregulation of autophagy that compromises cell viability. This altered autophagy mechanism is associated with organellar stress including mitochondrial (which induces mitophagy) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, consistent with the fact that patients with this mutation are more vulnerable to toxins related to PD, such as MPP+.

Association of Genetic Variants With Outcomes in Patients With Nonischemic Dilated Cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND: The clinical relevance of genetic variants in nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is unsettled. OBJECTIVES: The study sought to assess the prognostic impact of disease-causing genetic variants in DCM. METHODS: Baseline and longitudinal clinical data from 1,005 genotyped DCM probands were retrospectively collected at 20 centers. A total of 372 (37%) patients had pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants (genotype positive) and 633 (63%) were genotype negative. The primary endpoint was a composite of major adverse cardiovascular events. Secondary endpoints were end-stage heart failure (ESHF), malignant ventricular arrhythmia (MVA), and left ventricular reverse remodeling (LVRR). RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 4.04 years (interquartile range: 1.70-7.50 years), the primary endpoint had occurred in 118 (31.7%) patients in the genotype-positive group and in 125 (19.8%) patients in the genotype-negative group (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.51; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.17-1.94; P = 0.001). ESHF occurred in 60 (16.1%) genotype-positive patients and in 55 (8.7%) genotype-negative patients (HR: 1.67; 95% CI: 1.16-2.41; P = 0.006). MVA occurred in 73 (19.6%) genotype-positive patients and in 77 (12.2%) genotype-negative patients (HR: 1.50; 95% CI: 1.09-2.07; P = 0.013). LVRR occurred in 39.6% in the genotype-positive group and in 46.2% in the genotype-negative group (P = 0.047). Among individuals with baseline left ventricular ejection fraction ≤35%, genotype-positive patients exhibited more major adverse cardiovascular events, ESHF, and MVA than their genotype-negative peers (all P < 0.02). LVRR and clinical outcomes varied depending on the underlying affected gene. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, DCM patients with pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants had worse prognosis than genotype-negative individuals. Clinical course differed depending on the underlying affected gene.

Screening of Fabry Disease in Patients with Chest Pain Without Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease.

Identification of Anderson-Fabry disease (AFD) in cardiac patients has been restricted so far to patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. Coronary microvascular dysfunction has been described in AFD with and without cardiac hypertrophy and may represent the only manifestation in AFD patients, offering a possible earlier diagnosis. We studied the prevalence of AFD in 663 patients with chest pain with normal or non-obstructive coronary arteries. The overall prevalence of AFD in this cohort was only 0.15% (1/663). AFD is not a frequent cause of chest pain without obstructive coronary artery disease and screening efforts should not be conducted in this patient population.

Clinical Features and Natural History of PRKAG2 Variant Cardiac Glycogenosis.

BACKGROUND: PRKAG2 gene variants cause a syndrome characterized by cardiomyopathy, conduction disease, and ventricular pre-excitation. Only a small number of cases have been reported to date, and the natural history of the disease is poorly understood. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to describe phenotype and natural history of PRKAG2 variants in a large multicenter European cohort. METHODS: Clinical, electrocardiographic, and echocardiographic data from 90 subjects with PRKAG2 variants (53% men; median age 33 years; interquartile range [IQR]: 15 to 50 years) recruited from 27 centers were retrospectively studied. RESULTS: At first evaluation, 93% of patients were in New York Heart Association functional class I or II. Maximum left ventricular wall thickness was 18 ± 8 mm, and left ventricular ejection fraction was 61 ± 12%. Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) was present in 60 subjects (67%) at baseline. Thirty patients (33%) had ventricular pre-excitation or had undergone accessory pathway ablation; 17 (19%) had pacemakers (median age at implantation 36 years; IQR: 27 to 46 years), and 16 (18%) had atrial fibrillation (median age 43 years; IQR: 31 to 54 years). After a median follow-up period of 6 years (IQR: 2.3 to 13.9 years), 71% of subjects had LVH, 29% had AF, 21% required de novo pacemakers (median age at implantation 37 years; IQR: 29 to 48 years), 14% required admission for heart failure, 8% experienced sudden cardiac death or equivalent, 4% required heart transplantation, and 13% died. CONCLUSIONS: PRKAG2 syndrome is a progressive cardiomyopathy characterized by high rates of atrial fibrillation, conduction disease, advanced heart failure, and life-threatening arrhythmias. Classical features of pre-excitation and severe LVH are not uniformly present, and diagnosis should be considered in patients with LVH who develop atrial fibrillation or require permanent pacemakers at a young age.

Mutations in TRIM63 cause an autosomal-recessive form of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

OBJECTIVE: Up to 50% of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) show no disease-causing variants in genetic studies. TRIM63 has been suggested as a candidate gene for the development of cardiomyopathies, although evidence for a causative role in HCM is limited. We sought to investigate the relationship between rare variants in TRIM63 and the development of HCM. METHODS: TRIM63 was sequenced by next generation sequencing in 4867 index cases with a clinical diagnosis of HCM and in 3628 probands with other cardiomyopathies. Additionally, 3136 index cases with familial cardiovascular diseases other than cardiomyopathy (mainly channelopathies and aortic diseases) were used as controls. RESULTS: Sixteen index cases with rare homozygous or compound heterozygous variants in TRIM63 (15 HCM and one restrictive cardiomyopathy) were included. No homozygous or compound heterozygous were identified in the control population. Familial evaluation showed that only homozygous and compound heterozygous had signs of disease, whereas all heterozygous family members were healthy. The mean age at diagnosis was 35 years (range 15-69). Fifty per cent of patients had concentric left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and 45% were asymptomatic at the moment of the first examination. Significant degrees of late gadolinium enhancement were detected in 80% of affected individuals, and 20% of patients had left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction. Fifty per cent had non-sustained ventricular tachycardia. Twenty per cent of patients suffered an adverse cerebrovascular event (20%). CONCLUSION: TRIM63 appears to be an uncommon cause of HCM inherited in an autosomal-recessive manner and associated with concentric LVH and a high rate of LV dysfunction.

Negative screening of Fabry disease in patients with conduction disorders requiring a pacemaker.

Identification of Fabry disease (FD) in cardiac patients has been restricted so far to patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. Conduction problems are frequent in FD and could precede other manifestations, offering a possible earlier diagnosis.We studied the prevalence of FD in 188 patients < 70 years with conduction problems requiring pacemaker implantation. Although classical manifestations of FD were not rare, no patient with FD was identified. Screening efforts should not be conducted in this population.

Clinical profile of women diagnosed with Fabry disease non receiving enzyme replacement therapy / Perfil clínico de mujeres diagnosticadas de la enfermedad de Fabry no tratadas con sustitución enzimática

Introduction and objective: Fabry disease (FD) is an X-linked lysosomal storage disorder due to a deficiency of the alpha-galactosidase A enzyme. Although women were historically considered only carriers, many studies have contradicted this fact. The main aim of this work was to set the first Spanish study out of the on-going registries on health status and management of women diagnosed with FD who were not receiving enzyme replacement therapy (ERT). Material and methods: An epidemiological, cross-sectional, descriptive and multicentre study was assessed in women diagnosed for FD who were not receiving ERT. Assessments on symptomatology and severity were collected using several clinical questionnaires. Additionally, clinical information and lab tests were obtained from clinical records. Results: Thirty-three women with a mean age of 45.6±16.2 years were studied. Symptom onset was at a median age of 35.5 years old (range: 30.0-51.5), being diagnosed a median of 2 years later (range: 1.0-1.5). Missense mutations were the most prevalent mutation (n=22, 68.8%). Although 69% considered themselves as asymptomatic, 22 (66.7%) showed at least one FD-related clinical symptom. Using Mainz Severity Score index and Fabry International Prognosis Index neurological symptomatology obtained higher scores both for severity and prognostic. The EQ-5D questionnaire showed 42.2% patients referring to some anxiety or depression, and 30.3% thought that their life was somehow altered by the pain. 62.5% were not receiving any treatment and ERT was offered only to one patient (3.6%) who refused it. Conclusions: Although most of the heterozygous women for FD had not received ERT or either symptomatic treatment, they present symptoms of disease. Careful follow-up of female patients or some adjuvant treatment may be considered to delay progressive organ damage and improve patient quality of life

Introducción y objetivo: La enfermedad de Fabry (EF) es un trastorno de almacenamiento lisosómico hereditario, ligado al cromosoma X y derivado de una deficiencia de la enzima alpha-galactosidasa A. Aunque históricamente solo se ha considerado portadoras a las mujeres, esto ha sido contradicho por muchos estudios. El objetivo principal de este trabajo ha sido establecer un primer estudio español independiente de los registros actuales sobre la situación y seguimiento clínico de las mujeres diagnosticadas con EF que no recibían terapia de sustitución enzimática (TRE). Material y métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio epidemiológico, transversal, descriptivo y multicéntrico en mujeres diagnosticadas con EF que no recibían TRE. Las evaluaciones sobre la sintomatología y la gravedad fueron recopiladas mediante varios cuestionarios clínicos. Adicionalmente se obtuvo información clínica y resultados de pruebas de laboratorio de las historias clínicas. Resultados: Se estudiaron 33 mujeres con una edad media de 45,6±16,2 años. El inicio de los síntomas se produjo a una mediana de edad de 35,5 años (rango: 30,0-51,5), siendo diagnosticado en una mediana de 2 años después (rango: 1,0-1,5). Las mutaciones de sentido erróneo fueron las más frecuentes (n=22; 68,8%). Aunque el 69% se consideraron a sí mismas asintomáticas, 22 (66,7%) mostraron al menos un síntoma clínico relacionado con la EF. Utilizando el índice de severidad de Mainz y el índice pronóstico internacional de Fabry, la sintomatología neurológica obtuvo puntuaciones más altas tanto para la gravedad como para el pronóstico. El cuestionario de calidad de vida EQ-5D mostró que el 42,2% de las pacientes referían cierta ansiedad o depresión, y el 30,3% pensó que su vida estaba interferida de alguna manera por el dolor. El 62,5% no recibía ningún tratamiento y solo se ofreció TRE a una paciente (3,6%), que lo rechazó. Conclusiones: Aunque la mayoría de las mujeres heterocigotas para la EF no habían recibido TRE, ni tampoco ningún tratamiento sintomático, sí presentan síntomas de la enfermedad. Un seguimiento cuidadoso de las pacientes junto con alguna terapia adyuvante podría ser de interés para retrasar el daño progresivo de los órganos y mejorar la calidad de vida de las pacientes

Galectin-3 and ß-trace protein concentrations are higher in clinically unaffected patients with Fabry disease.

Current therapies have not shown benefit in organ damage reversal in Fabry disease (FD), but biomarkers could help risk stratification and prognosis. We investigated if several biomarkers of cardiac fibrosis, cardiac wall stress, myocardial injury, renal function and inflammation, are associated with early cardiac affectation in FD patients. We included FD patients from four cardiology outpatient clinics of southeastern Spain. At inclusion, Galectin-3 (Gal-3), N-terminal proB-type natriuretic peptide, high sensitivity troponin T (hsTnT), ß-trace protein (BTP) and interleukin-6 concentrations were measured. The relation of biomarkers concentrations with clinical features, cardiac involvement and organ affectation according to the Mainz Severity Score Index (MSSI) was investigated. 44 FD patients (n = 21 affected and n = 23 unaffected) were compared to age and sex-respectively matched healthy controls. Significant differences in biomarkers' concentration between FD groups were observed. Importantly, Gal-3 and BTP levels were higher in unaffected patients when compared with age and sex-matched healthy controls (both p < 0.05). All the biomarkers correlated with clinical features. When cut-off values for clinical affectation (measured as MSSI ≥ 20) were established, only hsTnT (OR 30.69, 95% CI 2.70-348.42) and male sex (OR 8.17, 95% CI 1.16-57.75) were independently associated with cardiac damage by multivariate regression analysis. Gal-3 and BTP levels are increased in unaffected FD patients compared to healthy controls. This suggests that these biomarkers could be useful for the early detection of cardiac affectation in FD patients. On the other hand, hsTnT and male sex are independent risk factors for established clinical cardiac damage in FD.

Clinical profile of women diagnosed with Fabry disease non receiving enzyme replacement therapy.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Fabry disease (FD) is an X-linked lysosomal storage disorder due to a deficiency of the α-galactosidase A enzyme. Although women were historically considered only carriers, many studies have contradicted this fact. The main aim of this work was to set the first Spanish study out of the on-going registries on health status and management of women diagnosed with FD who were not receiving enzyme replacement therapy (ERT). MATERIAL AND METHODS: An epidemiological, cross-sectional, descriptive and multicentre study was assessed in women diagnosed for FD who were not receiving ERT. Assessments on symptomatology and severity were collected using several clinical questionnaires. Additionally, clinical information and lab tests were obtained from clinical records. RESULTS: Thirty-three women with a mean age of 45.6±16.2 years were studied. Symptom onset was at a median age of 35.5 years old (range: 30.0-51.5), being diagnosed a median of 2 years later (range: 1.0-1.5). Missense mutations were the most prevalent mutation (n=22, 68.8%). Although 69% considered themselves as asymptomatic, 22 (66.7%) showed at least one FD-related clinical symptom. Using Mainz Severity Score index and Fabry International Prognosis Index neurological symptomatology obtained higher scores both for severity and prognostic. The EQ-5D questionnaire showed 42.2% patients referring to some anxiety or depression, and 30.3% thought that their life was somehow altered by the pain. 62.5% were not receiving any treatment and ERT was offered only to one patient (3.6%) who refused it. CONCLUSIONS: Although most of the heterozygous women for FD had not received ERT or either symptomatic treatment, they present symptoms of disease. Careful follow-up of female patients or some adjuvant treatment may be considered to delay progressive organ damage and improve patient quality of life.

Sleep apnea and cardiovascular complications of the acromegaly. Response to the medical treatment.

Acromegaly is a rare disease characterized by high levels of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). The excess of GH leads to the development of different manifestations in different organs, from subtle signs in the bones and soft tissues to the development of respiratory and cardiac insufficiency. In the cardiovascular system, the GH/IGF-1 axis exerts its influence on three major aspects: myocyte growth and structure, cardiac contractility and vascular function. In this article, we review the different cardiovascular and respiratory complications as well as the effects of the different treatments on these complications. Cardiovascular complications that occur in acromegaly are known as "acromegalic cardiomyopathy," and include ventricular hypertrophy, impaired diastolic and systolic function, valve diseases, coronary artery disease, and arrhythmias. Acromegaly is also associated with relevant complications of the respiratory system, mainly sleep apnea and respiratory insufficiency. Regarding treatment, there are different therapeutic strategies. Surgery is the first-choice treatment, but in general, half of patients will require adjuvant treatments, such as medical treatment (somatostatin analogues, dopamine agonists and GH receptor antagonists) or radiotherapy. The treatment can improve some complications of acromegaly, such as left ventricular hypertrophy, hypertension, or obstructive sleep apnea. On the other hand, when strict control of the disease is achieved, a reduction in mortality and cardiovascular morbidity is assured, reaching rates similar to those of the general population.

Cardiovascular risk factors: Is the metabolic syndrome related to aging? Epidemiology in a Portuguese population.

AIMS: The primary objective of our study is to determine the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the population. The secondary objective is to determine the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, anthropometric alterations and the prevalence of target organ damage and their relationship with aging. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The sample for the study was obtained by means of a consecutive population-based demonstration in 803 adults over 18 years of age belonging to the labor force of the company Grupo Delta SA. The study was carried out according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. The individuals included in the study voluntarily participated, once informed of the purpose of the study, giving their prior verbal consent, to the company's human resources department, in the case of Delta Group workers. RESULTS: 23.8% of the population has metabolic syndrome more prevalent in males, no smoking, no significant alcohol consumption, sedentary, with a high Body mass index (BMI). Its prevalence increases with age. CONCLUSION: We found that the prevalence of metabolic syndrome increases with age and is present in people of working age, increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases, work-related absences, and socio-economic costs.

Direct oral anticoagulants in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and atrial fibrillation.

BACKGROUND: Chronic anticoagulation with vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) is recommended in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and atrial fibrillation (AF). Direct oral anticoagulants (NOACs) are an alternative to VKAs but there are limited data to support their use in HCM. We sought to describe the pattern of use, thromboembolic events, bleeding and quality of life in patients with HCM and AF treated with NOACs. METHODS: Data from patients treated with NOACs (n=99) and VKA (n=433) at 9 inherited cardiac diseases units were retrospectively collected. Annual rates of embolic events, serious bleeding and death were analysed and compared. Quality of life and treatment satisfaction were evaluated with SF-36 and SAFUCA questionnaires in 80 NOAC-treated and 57 VKA-treated patients. RESULTS: After median follow-up of 63 months (IQR: 26-109), thromboembolic events (TIA/stroke and peripheral embolism) occurred in 10% of patients on oral anticoagulation. Major/clinically relevant bleeding occurred in 3.8% and the global mortality rate was 23.3%. Thromboembolic event rate was 0.62 per 100patient-years in the NOAC group vs. 1.59 in the VKA group [subhazard ratio (SHR) 0.32;95%CI:0.04-2.45; p=0.27]. Major/clinically relevant bleeding occurred in 0.62 per 100person-years in the NOAC group vs. 0.60 in the VKA group (SHR 1.28;95%CI 0.18-9.30; p=0.85). Quality of life scores were similar in both groups; however, NOAC-treated patients achieved higher scores in the SAFUCA. CONCLUSIONS: HCM patients with AF on NOACs showed similar embolic and bleeding rates to those on VKA. Although quality of life was similar in both groups, the NOAC group reported higher treatment satisfaction.

Truncating FLNC Mutations Are Associated With High-Risk Dilated and Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathies.

BACKGROUND: Filamin C (encoded by the FLNC gene) is essential for sarcomere attachment to the plasmatic membrane. FLNC mutations have been associated with myofibrillar myopathies, and cardiac involvement has been reported in some carriers. Accordingly, since 2012, the authors have included FLNC in the genetic screening of patients with inherited cardiomyopathies and sudden death. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to demonstrate the association between truncating mutations in FLNC and the development of high-risk dilated and arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathies. METHODS: FLNC was studied using next-generation sequencing in 2,877 patients with inherited cardiovascular diseases. A characteristic phenotype was identified in probands with truncating mutations in FLNC. Clinical and genetic evaluation of 28 affected families was performed. Localization of filamin C in cardiac tissue was analyzed in patients with truncating FLNC mutations using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Twenty-three truncating mutations were identified in 28 probands previously diagnosed with dilated, arrhythmogenic, or restrictive cardiomyopathies. Truncating FLNC mutations were absent in patients with other phenotypes, including 1,078 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Fifty-four mutation carriers were identified among 121 screened relatives. The phenotype consisted of left ventricular dilation (68%), systolic dysfunction (46%), and myocardial fibrosis (67%); inferolateral negative T waves and low QRS voltages on electrocardiography (33%); ventricular arrhythmias (82%); and frequent sudden cardiac death (40 cases in 21 of 28 families). Clinical skeletal myopathy was not observed. Penetrance was >97% in carriers older than 40 years. Truncating mutations in FLNC cosegregated with this phenotype with a dominant inheritance pattern (combined logarithm of the odds score: 9.5). Immunohistochemical staining of myocardial tissue showed no abnormal filamin C aggregates in patients with truncating FLNC mutations. CONCLUSIONS: Truncating mutations in FLNC caused an overlapping phenotype of dilated and left-dominant arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathies complicated by frequent premature sudden death. Prompt implantation of a cardiac defibrillator should be considered in affected patients harboring truncating mutations in FLNC.

PINK1 deficiency enhances autophagy and mitophagy induction.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with poorly understood etiology. Increasing evidence suggests that age-dependent compromise of the maintenance of mitochondrial function is a key risk factor. Several proteins encoded by PD-related genes are associated with mitochondria including PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1), which was first identified as a gene that is upregulated by PTEN. Loss-of-function PINK1 mutations induce mitochondrial dysfunction and, ultimately, neuronal cell death. To mitigate the negative effects of altered cellular functions cells possess a degradation mechanism called autophagy for recycling damaged components; selective elimination of dysfunctional mitochondria by autophagy is termed mitophagy. Our study indicates that autophagy and mitophagy are upregulated in PINK1-deficient cells, and is the first report to demonstrate efficient fluxes by one-step analysis. We propose that autophagy is induced to maintain cellular homeostasis under conditions of non-regulated mitochondrial quality control.

Evidencia del tratamiento con marcapasos en la miocardiopatía hipertrófica obstructiva / Evidence from pacing in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

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